{"id":4430,"date":"2025-12-13T16:32:37","date_gmt":"2025-12-13T07:32:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/?p=4430"},"modified":"2025-12-13T20:38:59","modified_gmt":"2025-12-13T11:38:59","slug":"how-to-handle-datas-invisible-values-the-correct-treatment-of-non-detect-nd-values","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/entry\/how-to-handle-datas-invisible-values-the-correct-treatment-of-non-detect-nd-values\/","title":{"rendered":"\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u300c\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u5024\u300d\u3092\u3069\u3046\u6271\u3046\uff1f\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff08ND\uff09\u306e\u5024\u306e\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u5bfe\u51e6\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u5b9f\u9a13\u3084\u5206\u6790\u3067\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u969b\u3001\u300c\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff08Not Detected: ND\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6e2c\u5b9a\u6a5f\u5668\u3067\u306f\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u300c\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u5024\u300d\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u300c0\u300d\u3068\u5165\u529b\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u9069\u5f53\u306a\u5024\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u6b6a\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u521d\u5fc3\u8005\u306b\u3082\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\uff08Non-detects\uff09\u304c\u306a\u305c\u554f\u984c\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u6700\u3082\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5bfe\u51e6\u6cd5\u3092\u3001\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u306f\u3058\u3081\u306b\uff1a\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\u304c\u300c\u5384\u4ecb\u300d\u306a\u7406\u7531<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5206\u6790\u3084\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6a5f\u5668\u306e\u6027\u80fd\u4e0a\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u793a\u30593\u3064\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u611f\u5ea6<\/strong>\uff1a\u6a5f\u5668\u304c\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3092\u6349\u3048\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\uff08LOD: Limit of Detection\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u305d\u3053\u306b\u300c\u3042\u308b\u300d<\/span>\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6700\u5c0f\u306e\u91cf\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\u306f\u300c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u300d\u3059\u3089\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6e2c\u5b9a\u9650\u754c\uff08LOQ: Limit of Quantitation\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u300c\u3069\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3042\u308b\u304b\u300d<\/span>\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5b9a\u91cf\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6700\u5c0f\u306e\u91cf\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3068\u6b63\u78ba\u3055\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u300c\u91cf\u300d\u3092\u8b70\u8ad6\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u306a\u305c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5024\u4ee5\u4e0b\u304c\u554f\u984c\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff08NDs\uff09\u306e\u5024\u3092\u5b89\u6613\u306b\u6271\u3046\u3068\u3001\u5206\u6790\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3046\u300c<strong>\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9<\/strong>\uff08\u504f\u308a\uff09\u300d\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>\u51e6\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u6b6a\u307f\uff08\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\uff09<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u5206\u6563\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>NDs\u3092\u300c0\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165<\/strong><\/td><td>\u771f\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3092<strong>\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1<\/strong>\uff08\u8ca0\u306e\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\uff09<\/td><td>\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u3070\u3089\u3064\u304d\u3092<strong>\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>NDs\u3092\u300cLOD\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ee3\u5165<\/strong><\/td><td>\u771f\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3092<strong>\u904e\u5927\u8a55\u4fa1<\/strong>\uff08\u6b63\u306e\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\uff09<\/td><td>\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u3070\u3089\u3064\u304d\u3092<strong>\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6709\u5bb3\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3001\u672c\u6765\u306f\u5c11\u3057\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308bNDs\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c0\u300d\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u300c\u5e73\u5747\u306f\u5b89\u5168\u306a\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3060\u300d<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aa4\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u304b\u306d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5bfe\u51e6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1aNDs\u3092\u4e57\u308a\u8d8a\u3048\u308b3\u3064\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\u3092\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u51e6\u7406\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u5927\u304d\u304f3\u3064\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2460 \u30b7\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u3060\u304c\u975e\u63a8\u5968\uff1a\u4ee3\u5165\u6cd5\uff08Substitution\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>\u4ee3\u5165\u3059\u308b\u5024<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u8aac\u660e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>LOD\/2 (\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u306e\u534a\u5206)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u6700\u3082\u3088\u304f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u4ee3\u5165\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001LOD\u30680\u306e\u4e2d\u9593\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LOD\/ $\\sqrt{2}$<\/strong><\/td><td>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3001\u5206\u6563\u306e\u904e\u5c0f\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u306b\u6291\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>&#x26a0;&#xfe0f; \u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\uff1a<\/strong> \u4ee3\u5165\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u306a\u3044\u5024\u3092\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6700\u3082\u6b63\u78ba\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002NDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u304c<strong>5%\u672a\u6e80<\/strong>\u3068\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3001\u3084\u3080\u3092\u5f97\u305a\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306b\u7559\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2461 \u5206\u5e03\u3092\u6d3b\u304b\u3059\uff1a\u6700\u5927\u5c24\u5ea6\u63a8\u5b9a\uff08MLE\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f<strong>\u6700\u3082\u63a8\u5968\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u300c\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\uff08Censored Data\uff09\u300d<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3002NDs\u306f\u300c0\u304b\u3089LOD\u307e\u3067\u306e\u3069\u3053\u304b\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u60c5\u5831\uff08\u7bc4\u56f2\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f<\/strong>\uff1a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5bfe\u6570\u6b63\u898f\u5206\u5e03\uff09\u306b\u5f93\u3046\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001NDs\u304c\u6700\u3082\u3089\u3057\u3044\u5e73\u5747\u5024\u3068\u6a19\u6e96\u504f\u5dee\u3092\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ee3\u5165\u6cd5\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3001NDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3066\u3082\uff08\u4f8b\u3048\u307050%\u672a\u6e80\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u63a8\u5b9a\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6700\u5927\u5c24\u5ea6\u63a8\u5b9a\uff08MLE\uff09\u3068\u306f\uff1f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u300c\u6700\u3082\u3089\u3057\u3044\u300d\u59ff\u3092\u63a2\u308b\u7d71\u8a08\u306e\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u5927\u5c24\u5ea6\u63a8\u5b9a\uff08Maximum Likelihood Estimation, MLE\uff09\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u300c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u6700\u3082\u3088\u304f\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\uff08\u5e73\u5747\u3084\u5206\u6563\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u300d<\/span>\u305f\u3081\u306e\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\uff08\u624b\u5143\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u5024\uff09\u304c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u78ba\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u300c\u78ba\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u78ba\u7387\uff08\u5c24\u5ea6\uff09\u304c\u6700\u5927\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u300d<strong>\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300c\u3082\u3057\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u304c\u3053\u3093\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3089\u3001\u76ee\u306e\u524d\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u5076\u7136\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306f\u305a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306f\u3053\u3046\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068<\/strong>\u6700\u3082\u3089\u3057\u3044\u5024\u3092\u9006\u7b97<\/span>\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\uff08NDs\uff09\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7279\u306b\u3001\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\uff08NDs\uff09\u3092\u6271\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3001MLE\u306f\u305d\u306e\u771f\u4fa1\u3092\u767a\u63ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4ee3\u5165\u6cd5\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u300cNDs\u3092LOD\/2\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6063\u610f\u7684\u306a\u5024\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001NDs\u3092\u300c<strong>LOD\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3069\u3053\u304b\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf<\/strong>\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MLE\u306f\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u5024\uff08\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u305f\u5024\uff09\u3068\u3001\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308a\u60c5\u5831\uff08LOD\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u60c5\u5831\uff09\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3092\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u5bfe\u6570\u6b63\u898f\u5206\u5e03\uff09\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u3068\u5206\u6563\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5024\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001<strong>\u300c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5024\u304c\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u304b\u3064NDs\u304cLOD\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8907\u5408\u7684\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u306e\u78ba\u7387\uff08\u5c24\u5ea6\uff09\u304c\u6700\u5927\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b<\/strong>\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001NDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u6700\u3082\u30d5\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001<strong>\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u3092\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u306b\u6291\u3048\u3001\u3088\u308a\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u7d50\u8ad6<\/strong>\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002MLE\u306f\u3001\u4ee3\u5165\u6cd5\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u8a08\u7b97\u306f\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u53b3\u5bc6\u3055\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u5206\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6700\u3082\u63a8\u5968\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2462 \u5206\u5e03\u306b\u983c\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff1a\u30ce\u30f3\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6cd5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5206\u5e03\uff08\u6b63\u898f\u5206\u5e03\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u305b\u305a\u306b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u3092\u884c\u3046\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5229\u7528\u5834\u9762<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3b\u306b<strong>\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u9593\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03<\/strong>\uff08\u4f8b\uff1a\u51e6\u7406A\u3068\u51e6\u7406B\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u624b\u6cd5\u306e\u4f8b<\/strong>\uff1a\u30a6\u30a3\u30eb\u30b3\u30af\u30bd\u30f3\u9806\u4f4d\u548c\u691c\u5b9a\u306a\u3069<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f<\/strong>\uff1a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306e\u5024\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u9806\u4f4d\uff08\u30e9\u30f3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\uff09<\/span>\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u691c\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3002NDs\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u6700\u4f4e\u9806\u4f4d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u540c\u9806\u4f4d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8<\/strong>\uff1a\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u304c\u4e0d\u8981\u3067\u67d4\u8edf\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u5931\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"biost-1360567198\" class=\"biost- biost-entity-placement\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/kmhl\">\uff1e\uff1e\u3082\u3046\u7d71\u8a08\u3067\u60a9\u3080\u306e\u306f\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\uff1f\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/kmhl\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2794 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/bn_r_03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-size: 20px;\"><strong><span class=\"marker2\">\u21911\u4e07\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u533b\u7642\u5f93\u4e8b\u8005\u304c\u8cfc\u8aad\u4e2d<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/div><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u304a\u3059\u3059\u3081\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1aNDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u9078\u629e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u9078\u3076\u304b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308bNDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u5b9f\u7528\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>NDs\u306e\u5272\u5408<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u6700\u3082\u304a\u3059\u3059\u3081\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u6b21\u5584\u306e\u7b56<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>5%\u672a\u6e80<\/strong><\/td><td>LOD\/$\\sqrt{2}$\u3067\u4ee3\u5165<\/td><td>LOD\/2\u3067\u4ee3\u5165<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5%\u301c50%<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u6700\u5927\u5c24\u5ea6\u63a8\u5b9a (MLE)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u30ce\u30f3\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u691c\u5b9a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>50%\u8d85<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u691c\u51fa\/\u975e\u691c\u51fa\u306e\u4e8c\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51e6\u7406<\/strong><\/td><td>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3068\u5224\u65ad<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>&#x1f4a1; \u611f\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3057\u3088\u3046<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u524d\u306b\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u300cLOD\/2\u4ee3\u5165\u300d\u3068\u300cMLE\u300d\u306a\u3069\u8907\u6570\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u5206\u6790\u3092\u884c\u3044\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u304c\u683c\u6bb5\u306b\u5411\u4e0a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u307e\u3068\u3081\uff1a\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3055\u304c\u5206\u6790\u306e\u9375<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u5024\u3092\u3069\u3046\u6271\u3046\u304b\u306f\u3001\u5206\u6790\u8005\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u8aa0\u5b9f\u3055\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b89\u6613\u306a\u300c0\u300d\u3084\u300cLOD\u300d\u3078\u306e\u4ee3\u5165\u306f\u3001\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3078\u3068\u7e4b\u304c\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306bNDs\u306e\u5272\u5408\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001<span class=\"swl-marker mark_orange\">\u6700\u5927\u5c24\u5ea6\u63a8\u5b9a\uff08MLE\uff09<\/span>\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3067\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5f37\u304f\u63a8\u5968\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u6d3b\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u306e\u8cea\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u95a2\u9023\u66f8\u7c4d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4aOvVOX\">\u6b20\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u79d1\u5b66\u2015\u2015\u533b\u5b66\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u7528<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5b9f\u9a13\u3084\u5206\u6790\u3067\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u969b\u3001\u300c\u691c\u51fa\u9650\u754c\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff08Not Detected: ND\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6e2c\u5b9a\u6a5f\u5668\u3067\u306f\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u300c\u898b\u3048\u306a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"swell_btn_cv_data":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[149],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-149"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4430"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4436,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430\/revisions\/4436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/best-biostatistics.com\/toukei-er\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}